Classroom Practice

An Instructional Framework for Teaching STEM to Students with Moderate to Severe Disabilities

Answering questions and solving problems are critical skills that affect the quality of life for all people. The content areas of science and engineering traditionally and most directly address the processes of inquiry and problem-solving. While there is an increasing body of research surrounding teaching academic content (i.e., mathematics and science) as well as skills that are critical to support student success in these areas (i.e., communication and self-determination), the research supporting instruction of math, science, and engineering practices and processes are only emerging.

Author/Presenter

Leah Wood

Bree Jimenez

Ginevra Courtade

Lead Organization(s)
Year
2025
Short Description

Answering questions and solving problems are critical skills that affect the quality of life for all people. The content areas of science and engineering traditionally and most directly address the processes of inquiry and problem-solving. While there is an increasing body of research surrounding teaching academic content (i.e., mathematics and science) as well as skills that are critical to support student success in these areas (i.e., communication and self-determination), the research supporting instruction of math, science, and engineering practices and processes are only emerging. The purpose of this article is to provide a research-based framework for instructional design that provides ideas for cognitive accessibility and supports for students with MSD in STEM.

Developing Inclusive Engineering Opportunities

Historically, children with moderate to severe intellectual disabilities (ID) and extensive support needs (ESN; individuals who require ongoing, intensive assistance in many areas of life) have been largely excluded from meaningful participation in STEM instruction. A focal point of this project was to investigate the behaviors of both teachers and students during the implementation of an engineering unit.

Author/Presenter

Bree Jimenez

Ginevra Courtade

Jennifer Fosbinder

Christine Cunningham

Lead Organization(s)
Year
2025
Short Description

Historically, children with moderate to severe intellectual disabilities (ID) and extensive support needs (ESN; individuals who require ongoing, intensive assistance in many areas of life) have been largely excluded from meaningful participation in STEM instruction. A focal point of this project was to investigate the behaviors of both teachers and students during the implementation of an engineering unit.

Project Bees Flyer

Project Bees is a NSF DRK-12 (#2515930) three-year project with the goal of focusing on teachers' development of engineering practices, including how teachers support their students' development of engineering-focused behaviors and mindsets through instruction. Through the use of research-based engineering curriculum, Youth Engineering Solutions (YES.mos.org) and the use of Universal Design and Research Based Practice for Students with extensive support needs our research team is developing equity driven engineering education.

Author/Presenter

The Project Bees Team

Lead Organization(s)
Year
2025
Short Description

Project Bees is a NSF DRK-12 three-year project with the goal of focusing on teachers' development of engineering practices, including how teachers support their students' development of engineering-focused behaviors and mindsets through instruction.

Quantitative Reasoning in the Context of Science Phenomena

Over the last decade, reform in science education has placed an emphasis on the science practices as a way to engage students in the process of science and improve scientific literacy. A critical component of developing scientific literacy is learning to apply quantitative reasoning to authentic scientific phenomena and problems. Students need practice moving fluidly (or fluently) between math and science to develop a habit of mind that encourages the application of quantitative reasoning to real-world scenarios.

Author/Presenter

Paul K. Strode

Louise S. Mead

Molly Stuhlsatz

Melissa K. Kjelvik

Elizabeth H. Schultheis

Alexa R. Warwick

Audrey Mohan

Julie A. Morris

Robert Mayes

Lead Organization(s)
Year
2025
Short Description

Over the last decade, reform in science education has placed an emphasis on the science practices as a way to engage students in the process of science and improve scientific literacy. A critical component of developing scientific literacy is learning to apply quantitative reasoning to authentic scientific phenomena and problems. Students need practice moving fluidly (or fluently) between math and science to develop a habit of mind that encourages the application of quantitative reasoning to real-world scenarios. Here we present a student-facing model that challenges students to think across these two fields.

Leveraging Children’s Multicultural Literature to Support Students’ Math Identity and Problem Solving

This article explores how multicultural children’s literature for elementary classrooms can be leveraged to develop students’ mathematical understanding and foster positive math identities, particularly for multilingual learners. By integrating diverse stories into mathematics instruction, teachers can create culturally relevant contexts that invite meaningful problem-solving in tandem with rich mathematical discourse.

Author/Presenter

Suzanne Abdelrahim

Margarita Jiménez-Silva

Rachel Restani

Robin Martin

Tony Albano

Year
2025
Short Description

This article explores how multicultural children’s literature for elementary classrooms can be leveraged to develop students’ mathematical understanding and foster positive math identities, particularly for multilingual learners. By integrating diverse stories into mathematics instruction, teachers can create culturally relevant contexts that invite meaningful problem-solving in tandem with rich mathematical discourse.

Developing Prospective Teachers’ Language-Expansive Noticing

Enacting reform-oriented, phenomenon-based instruction provides us an opportunity to more equitably teach science. Particularly, our teaching can be stronger when we elicit, notice and then use all students’ ideas and questions to inform how students collaborate to figure out phenomena. However, this is only possible if we learn to expansively notice the many language resources multilingual students have available for sharing their thinking, which requires teachers to see and hear beyond what has been traditionally privileged in school spaces.

Author/Presenter

María González-Howard

Carla Robinson

Sage Andersen

Mariana Vazquez Esparza

Nireyda Rodriguez

Lead Organization(s)
Year
2025
Short Description

Enacting reform-oriented, phenomenon-based instruction provides us an opportunity to more equitably teach science. Particularly, our teaching can be stronger when we elicit, notice and then use all students’ ideas and questions to inform how students collaborate to figure out phenomena. However, this is only possible if we learn to expansively notice the many language resources multilingual students have available for sharing their thinking, which requires teachers to see and hear beyond what has been traditionally privileged in school spaces. In this piece, we describe how we draw upon translanguaging theory and pedagogy to prepare prospective teachers to teach science with multilingual students.

Mathematics Teachers’ Interpretations of Students’ Perceptions of the Classroom Learning Environment: Opportunities for Inquiry

Research on mathematics teacher professional learning indicates that careful analysis of evidence of students’ reasoning and participation can prompt generative inquiry into instruction. Evidence of students’ own perceptions of instruction is noticeably absent in the literature. This absence is consequential, given the well-documented finding that mathematics teachers’ instructional decisions are shaped by assumptions they make about their students. Guided by an interpretive perspective on teaching and the literature on mathematics teachers’ professional learning, this study explores U.S.

Author/Presenter

Kara Jackson

Hannah J. Nieman

Daniela DiGiacomo

Fabio Campos

Nicholas Kochmanski

Lead Organization(s)
Year
2025
Short Description

Guided by an interpretive perspective on teaching and the literature on mathematics teachers’ professional learning, this study explores U.S. middle-grades mathematics teachers’ interpretations of evidence of students’ perceptions of key aspects of the mathematics classroom environment.

Mathematics Teachers’ Interpretations of Students’ Perceptions of the Classroom Learning Environment: Opportunities for Inquiry

Research on mathematics teacher professional learning indicates that careful analysis of evidence of students’ reasoning and participation can prompt generative inquiry into instruction. Evidence of students’ own perceptions of instruction is noticeably absent in the literature. This absence is consequential, given the well-documented finding that mathematics teachers’ instructional decisions are shaped by assumptions they make about their students. Guided by an interpretive perspective on teaching and the literature on mathematics teachers’ professional learning, this study explores U.S.

Author/Presenter

Kara Jackson

Hannah J. Nieman

Daniela DiGiacomo

Fabio Campos

Nicholas Kochmanski

Lead Organization(s)
Year
2025
Short Description

Guided by an interpretive perspective on teaching and the literature on mathematics teachers’ professional learning, this study explores U.S. middle-grades mathematics teachers’ interpretations of evidence of students’ perceptions of key aspects of the mathematics classroom environment.

Mathematics Teachers’ Interpretations of Students’ Perceptions of the Classroom Learning Environment: Opportunities for Inquiry

Research on mathematics teacher professional learning indicates that careful analysis of evidence of students’ reasoning and participation can prompt generative inquiry into instruction. Evidence of students’ own perceptions of instruction is noticeably absent in the literature. This absence is consequential, given the well-documented finding that mathematics teachers’ instructional decisions are shaped by assumptions they make about their students. Guided by an interpretive perspective on teaching and the literature on mathematics teachers’ professional learning, this study explores U.S.

Author/Presenter

Kara Jackson

Hannah J. Nieman

Daniela DiGiacomo

Fabio Campos

Nicholas Kochmanski

Lead Organization(s)
Year
2025
Short Description

Guided by an interpretive perspective on teaching and the literature on mathematics teachers’ professional learning, this study explores U.S. middle-grades mathematics teachers’ interpretations of evidence of students’ perceptions of key aspects of the mathematics classroom environment.

Mathematics Teachers’ Interpretations of Students’ Perceptions of the Classroom Learning Environment: Opportunities for Inquiry

Research on mathematics teacher professional learning indicates that careful analysis of evidence of students’ reasoning and participation can prompt generative inquiry into instruction. Evidence of students’ own perceptions of instruction is noticeably absent in the literature. This absence is consequential, given the well-documented finding that mathematics teachers’ instructional decisions are shaped by assumptions they make about their students. Guided by an interpretive perspective on teaching and the literature on mathematics teachers’ professional learning, this study explores U.S.

Author/Presenter

Kara Jackson

Hannah J. Nieman

Daniela DiGiacomo

Fabio Campos

Nicholas Kochmanski

Lead Organization(s)
Year
2025
Short Description

Guided by an interpretive perspective on teaching and the literature on mathematics teachers’ professional learning, this study explores U.S. middle-grades mathematics teachers’ interpretations of evidence of students’ perceptions of key aspects of the mathematics classroom environment.